Organically functionalized carbon nanocapsule

ABSTRACT

An organically functionalized carbon nanocapsule. A carbon nanocapsule has at least one kind of organic functional group bonded thereon. The organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule is of the following formula: F(-E) n , in which F is the carbon nanocapsule, E is the organic functional group, and n is the number of the organic functional group. By functionalization of high-purity carbon nanocapsules, the application thereof is expanded.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0001] 1. Field of the Invention

[0002] The present invention relates to carbon nanocapsules, and more particularly to functionalized carbon nanocapsules.

[0003] 2. Description of the Related Art

[0004] A carbon nanocapsule is a polyhedral carbon cluster constituted by multiple graphite layers having a balls-within-a ball structure. The diameter of a carbon nanocapsule is about 3-100 nm. There are two types of carbon nanocapsules: hollow and metal-filled. The center of a hollow carbon nanocapsule is, of course, hollow, while that of a metal-filled nanocapsule is filled with metals, metal oxides, metal carbides, or alloys.

[0005] Carbon nanocapsules were first discovered with carbon nanotubes in 1991, in the process of producing carbon nanotubes. Owing to the strong van der Waals force between carbon nanocapsules and carbon nanotubes, it is not easy to isolate carbon nanocapsules from the carbon nanotubes. In addition, the amount of carbon nanocapsules produced with carbon nanotubes is only enough for structural observation under electron microscope, thus the application thereof is obstructed.

[0006] By continuous research, processes producing high-purity hollow carbon nanocapsules as well as magnetic metal-filled carbon nanocapsules have been developed. (Please refer to U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______ and ______) With their special fullerene structure and optoelectronic properties, carbon nanocapsules can be utilized in various fields such as medicine (medical grade active carbon), light and heat absorption, electromagnetic shielding, organic light emitting materials, solar energy receivers, catalysts, sensors, carbon electrodes in lithium batteries, nanoscale composite materials with thermal conductivity and special electrical properties, and nanoscale carbon powder for printing. However, owing to the non-solubility of carbon nanocapsules, the related application is limited and insufficient.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0007] Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to functionalize the carbon nanocapsules to prepare organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsules, thereby expanding the application thereof.

[0008] Therefore, the invention provides an organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule. The organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule includes a carbon nanocapsule and at least one kind of organic functional groups bonded thereon. The organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule is of the following formula: F(-E)_(n), in which F is the carbon nanocapsule, E is the organic functional group, and n is the number of the organic functional group.

[0009] According to the invention, the carbon nanocapsule is a polyhedral carbon cluster constituting multiple graphite layers having a balls-within-a ball structure, and the diameter of a carbon nanocapsule is 3-100 nm.

[0010] According to the invention, the carbon nanocapsule is a hollow carbon nanocapsule or a metal-filled carbon nanocapsule filled with metals, metal oxides, metal carbides, or alloys.

[0011] Before preparing organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsules, high-purity carbon nanocapsules must be prepared first, by the preparation method described, for example, in the above-mentioned references. The carbon nanocapsule obtained is a polyhedral carbon cluster constituting multiple graphite layers having a balls-within-a ball structure, wherein the diameter of a carbon nanocapsule is 3-100 nm. The carbon nanocapsules for preparation of organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsules can be hollow or filled with metals, metal oxides, metal carbides, or alloys.

[0012] By functionalization of the carbon nanocapsule, at least one kind of functional group is bonded on the carbon nanocapsule, thereby increasing its reactivity. By functionalization with different functional groups, the reactive variety thereof is enriched, and thereby the application is expanded.

[0013] The functionalizing methods of carbon nanocapsules applied in the invention are analogic to those of carbon 60. However, owing to the relatively greater size of carbon nanocapsules, the nano-dispersing technique is important for the control of chemical modifying effects. In addition, carbon nanocapsules have different optical, electrical, and magnetic properties from carbon nanotubes and carbon 60, thus the organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsules have distinct applications.

[0014] The carbon nanocapsules can be functionalized by a redox reaction, cycloaddition reaction, or a radical addition reaction.

[0015] In the redox reaction, the carbon nanocapsule is reacted with a strong oxidant, for example, H₂SO₄+HNO₃, OSO₄, KMnO₄ or O₃, to oxidize the surface carbon layer of the carbon nanocapsule and form a functional group, for example, —OH, —C═O, —CHO or —COOH, on the carbon nanocapsule.

[0016] In the cycloaddition reaction, the carbon nanocapsule is functionalized via the double bonds on the surface of the carbon nanocapsule. Compounds such as aniline, N,N-dimethylaniline, CH₂O(aldehyde), CH₃NHCH₂COOH(N-subsituted glycine derivative), or (CHCl₃+KOH), are reacted with the carbon nanocapsule to form functional groups, for example, —NHAr, —N⁺(CH₃)₂Ar, ═CCl₂ or amino groups, on the carbon nanocapsule.

[0017] In the radical addition reaction, the carbon nanocapsule is functionalized via the double bonds on the surface of the carbon nanocapsule. The carbon nanocapsule is reacted with a free-radical initiator or molecules capable of producing radicals, for example, K₂S₂O₈, H₂O₂, methylmethacrylate, or azobis-isobutyronitrile (AIBN), to bond functional groups, for example, —OSO₃ ⁻, —OH, —C(CH₃)₂COOCH₃ or —C(CH₃)₂CN on the carbon nanocapsule.

[0018] In the above three kinds of preparation methods, the method involving redox reaction is quite different from the conventional preparation methods of fullerene derivatives. In the redox reaction, strong oxidants are applied to oxidize the surface layers of carbon nanocapsules to form functional groups, for example, —OH, —C═O, —CHO or —COOH, on the surface of carbon nanocapsules. The functionalized carbon nanocapsules are then able to react with any other compounds to form more complicated functionalized carbon nanocapsules. In the preparation methods of fullerene derivatives, however, oxidants are not applied because of the different structure of fullerene molecules. Strong oxidants functionalize molecules by breaking bonds between carbon atoms, which cause damage to a fullerene structure, while still applicable on a carbon nanocapsule by virtue of the multiple-graphite-layer structure.

[0019] In addition, U.S. Pat. No. 5,177,248 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,294,732 incorporated herein by reference describe other preparation methods of organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsules.

[0020] By functionalization of carbon nanocapsule, an organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule is provided, comprising a carbon nanocapsule and at least one kind of organic functional group bonded thereon, wherein the organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule is of the following formula: F(-E)_(n), in which F is the carbon nanocapsule, E is the organic functional group, and n is the number of the organic functional group. The preferable range of n is 1-100,000. In the organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule, each E is independently E₁, E₂, E₃, E₄ or E₅, in which each E₁, independently, is Y₁,Y₂-amino, (Y₁,Y₂-alkyl)amino, Y₁,Y₂-ethylenediamino, (dihydroxymethyl)alkylamino, (X₁,X₃-aryl)amino, or X₁,X₃-aryloxy; each E₂, independently, is Y₁,Y₂-alkoxy, (Y₁,Y₂-amino)alkoxy, (Y₁,Y₂,Y₃-aryl)oxy, (dihydroxyalkyl)aryloxy, (Y₁,Y₂,Y₃-alkyl)amino, (Y₁,Y₂,Y₃-aryl)amino, or dihydroxyalkylamino; each E₃, independently, is Y₁,Y₂,Y₃-alkoxy, (trihydroxyalkyl)alkoxy, (trihydroxyalkyl)alkylamino, (dicarboxyalkyl)amino, (Y₁,Y₂,Y₃-alkyl)thio, (X₁,X₂-aryl)thio, (Y₁,Y₂-alkyl)thio, (dihydroxyalkyl)thio, Y₁,Y₂-dioxoalkyl; each E₄, independently, is ((glycosidyl)oxoheteroaryl)amino, ((glycosidyl)oxoaryl)amino, (X₁,X₂,X₃-heteroaryl)amino, (X₁-diarylketone)amino, (X,X₁-oxoaryl)amino, (X,X₁-dioxoaryl) amino, (Y₁-alkyl, Y₂-alkyldioxoheteroaryl)amino, (Y₁-alkyl, Y₂-alkyldioxoaryl)amino, (di (Y₁,Y₂-methyl)dioxoheteroaryl)amino, (di(Y₁,Y₂-methyl)dioxoaryl)amino, ((glycosidyl)heteroaryl)amino, ((glycosidyl)aryl)amino, ((carboxylacetylalkyl)oxoheteroaryl)amino, ((carboxylacetylalkyl)oxoaryl)amino, ((isopropylaminohydroxyalkoxy)aryl)amino, or (X₁,X₂,X₃-alkylaryl)amino; each E₅, independently, is (X₁,X₂,X₃-heteroaryl)oxy, (isopropylaminohydroxyalkyl)aryloxy, (X₁,X₂,X₃-oxoheteroaryl)oxy, (X₁,X₂,X₃-oxoaryl)oxy, (X₁,Y₁-oxoheteroaryl)oxy, (X₁-diarylketone)oxy, (X,X₁-oxoaryl)oxy, (X₁,X₂-dioxoaryl)oxy, (Y₁,Y₂,diaminodihydroxy)alkyl, (X₁,X₂-heteroaryl)thio, ((tricarboxylalkyl)ethylenediamino)alkoxy, (X₁,X₂-oxoaryl)thio, (X₁,X₂-dioxoaryl)thio, (glycosidylheteroaryl)thio, (glycosidylaryl)thio, Y₁-alkyl(thiocarbonyl)thio, Y₁,Y₂-alkyl(thiocarbonyl)thio, Y₁,Y₂,Y₃-alkyl(thiocarbonyl)thio, (Y₁,Y₂-aminothiocarbonyl)thio, (pyranosyl)thio, cysteinyl, tyrosinyl, (phenylalainyl)amino, (dicarboxyalkyl)thio, (aminoaryl)₁₋₂₀ amino, or (pyranosyl)amino;

[0021] each X, independently, is halide; each of X₁ and X₂, independently, is —H, —Y₁, —O—Y₁, —S—Y₁, —NH—Y₁, —CO—O—Y₁, —O—CO—Y₁, —CO—NH—Y₁, —CO—NY₁Y₂, —NH—CO—Y₁, —SO₂—Y₁, —CHY₁Y₂, or —NY₁Y₂; each X₃, independently, is —Y₁, —O— —Y, —S—Y₁, —NH—Y₁, —CO—O—Y₁, —O—CO—Y₁, —CO—NH—Y₁, —CO—NY₁Y₂, —NH—CO—Y₁, —SO₂—Y₁, —CHY₁Y₂ or —NY₁Y₂;

[0022] each of Y₁, Y₂ and Y₃, independently, is—B—Z;

[0023] each B, independently, is —R_(a)—O—[Si(CH₃)₂—O—]₁₋₁₀₀, C₁₋₂₀₀₀ alkyl, C₆₋₄₀ aryl, C₇₋₆₀ alkylaryl, C₇₋₆₀ arylalkyl, (C₁₋₃₀ alkyl ether)₁₋₁₀₀, (C₆₋₄₀ aryl ether)₁₋₁₀₀, (C₇₋₆₀ alkylaryl ether)₁₋₁₀₀, (C₇₋₆₀ arylalkyl ether)₁₋₁₀₀, (C₁₋₃₀ alkyl thioether)₁₋₁₀₀ (C₆₋₄₀ aryl thioether)₁₋₁₀₀, (C₇₋₆₀ alkylaryl thioether)₁₋₁₀₀, (C₇₋₆₀ arylalkyl thioether)₁₋₁₀₀, (C₂₋₅₀ alkyl ester)₁₋₁₀₀, (C₇₋₆₀ aryl ester)₁₋₁₀₀, (C₈₋₇₀ alkylaryl ester)₁₋₁₀₀, (C₈₋₇₀ arylalkyl ester)₁₋₁₀₀, —R—CO—O—(C₁₋₃₀ alkyl ether)₁₋₁₀₀, —R—CO—O—(C₆₋₄₀ aryl ether)₁₋₁₀₀, —R—CO—O—(C₇₋₆₀ alkylaryl ether)₁₋₁₀₀, —R—CO—O—(C₇₋₆₀ arylalkyl ether)₁₋₁₀₀, (C₄₋₅₀ alkyl urethane)₁₋₁₀₀ (C₁₄₋₆₀ aryl urethane)₁₋₁₀₀, (C₁₀₋₈₀ alkylaryl urethane)₁₋₁₀₀ (C₁₀₋₈₀ arylalkyl urethane)₁₋₁₀₀, (C₅₋₅₀ alkyl urea)₁₋₁₀₀, (C₁₄₋₆₀ aryl urea)₁₋₁₀₀ (C₁₀₋₈₀ alkylaryl urea)₁₋₁₀₀, (C₁₀₋₈₀ arylalkyl urea)₁₋₁₀₀, (C₂₋₅₀ alkyl amide)₁₋₁₀₀, (C₇₋₆₀ aryl amide)₁₋₁₀₀, (C₈₋₇₀ alkylaryl amide)₁₋₁₀₀ (C₈₋₇₀ arylalkyl amide)₁₋₁₀₀, (C₃₋₃₀ alkyl anhydride)₁₋₁₀₀, (C₈₋₅₀ aryl anhydride)₁₋₁₀₀, (C₉₋₆₀ alkylaryl anhydride)₁₋₁₀₀, (C₉₋₆₀ arylalkyl anhydride)₁₋₁₀₀, (C₂₋₃₀ alkyl carbonate)₁₋₁₀₀, (C₇₋₅₀ aryl carbonate)₁₋₁₀₀, (C₈₋₆₀ alkylaryl carbonate)₁₋₁₀₀, (C₈₋₆₀ arylalkyl carbonate)₁₋₁₀₀, —R₁—O—CO—NH—(R₂ or Ar—R₂—Ar)—NH—CO—O—(C₁₋₃₀ alkyl ether, C₆₋₄₀ aryl ether, C₇₋₆₀ alkylaryl ether, or C₇₋₆₀ arylalkyl ether)₁₋₁₀₀, —R₁—O—CO—NH—(R₂ or Ar—R₂—Ar)—NH—CO—O(C₂₋₅₀ alkyl ester, C₇₋₆₀ aryl ester, C₈₋₇₀ alkylaryl ester, or C₈₋₇₀ arylalkyl ester)₁₋₁₀₀, —R₁—C—CO—NH—(R₂ or Ar—R₂—Ar)—NH—CO—O—(C₁₋₃₀ alkyl ether, C₆₋₄₀ aryl ether, C₇₋₆₀ alkylaryl ether, or C₇₋₆₀ arylalkyl ether)₁₋₁₀₀, —CO—NH—(R₂ or Ar—R₂—Ar)—NH—CO—O—, —R₁ —O—CO—NH—(R₂ or Ar—R₂—Ar)—NH—CO—O—(C₂₋₅₀ alkyl ester, C₇₋₆₀ aryl ester, C₈₋₇₀ alkylaryl ester, or C₈₋₇₀ arylalkyl ester)₁₋₁₀₀, —R₃—O—CO—NH—(R₂ or Ar—R₂—Ar)—NH—CO—O—, —R₁—NH—CO—NH—(R₂ or Ar—R₂—Ar)—NH—CO—O—(C₁₋₃₀ alkyl ether, C₆₋₄₀ aryl ether, C₇₋₆₀ alkylaryl ether, or C₇₋₆₀ arylalkyl ether)₁₋₁₀₀, —R₁—NH—CO—NH—(R₂ or Ar—R₂—Ar)—NH—CO—O—(C₂₋₅₀ alkyl ester, C₇₋₆₀ aryl ester, C₈₋₇₀ alkylaryl ester, or C₈₋₇₀ arylalkyl ester)₁₋₁₀₀, —R₁—NH—CO—NH—(R₂ or Ar—R₂—Ar)—NH—CO—C—(C₁₋₃₀ alkyl ether, C₆₋₄₀ aryl ether, C₇₋₆₀ alkylaryl ether, or C₇₋₆₀ arylalkyl ether)₁₋₁₀₀, —CO—NH—(R₂ or Ar—R₂—Ar)—NH—CO—O—, —R₁—NH—CO—NH—(R₂ or Ar—R₂—Ar)—NH—CO—O—(C₂₋₅₀ alkyl ester, C₇₋₆₀ aryl ester, C₈₋₇₀ alkylaryl ester, or C₈₋₇₀ arylalkyl ester)₁₋₁₀₀, —R₃—O—CO—NH—(R₂ or Ar—R₂—Ar)—NH—CO—O—, —R₁—O—CO—NH—(R₂ or Ar—R₂—Ar)—NH—CO—NH—(C₂₋₅₀ alkyl amide, C₇₋₆₀ aryl amide, C₈₋₇₀ alkylaryl amide, or C₈₋₇₀ arylalkyl amide)₁₋₁₀₀, or —R₁—NH—CO—NH—(R₂ or Ar—R₂—Ar)NH—CO—NH—(C₂₋₅₀ alkyl amide, C₇₋₆₀ aryl amide, C₈₋₇₀ alkylaryl amide, or C₈₋₇₀ arylalkyl amide)₁₋₁₀₀;

[0024] each Z, independently, is —C—D—, wherein each C, independently, is —R—, —R—Ar—, —Ar—R—, or—Ar—; and each D, independently, is —OH, —SH, —NH₂, —NHOH, —SO₃H, —OSO₃H, —COOH, —CONH₂, —CO—NH—NH₂, —CH(NH₂)—COOH, —P(OH)₃, —PO(OH)₂, —O—PO(OH)₂, —O—PO(OH)—O—PO(OH)₂, —O—PO(O—)—O—CH₂CH₂NH₃ ⁺, -glycoside, —OCH₃, —O—CH₂—(CHOH)₄—CH₂₄—CH, —O—CH₂—(CHOH)₂—CHOH, —C₆H₃(OH)₂, —NH₃ ⁺, —N⁺HR_(b)R_(c), or N⁺HR_(b)R_(c)R_(d); wherein each of R, R₁, R₂, R₃, R_(a), R_(b), R_(c), and R_(d) independently, is C₁₋₃₀ alkyl, each Ar, independently, is aryl.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0025] The present invention can be more fully understood by reading the subsequent detailed description and examples with references made to the accompanying drawings, wherein:

[0026]FIG. 1 illustrates the functionalization of carbon nanocapsules involving a redox reaction;

[0027]FIG. 2a illustrates the functionalization of carbon nanocapsules involving a cycloaddition reaction in the example 2a; and

[0028]FIG. 2b illustrates the functionalization of carbon nanocapsules involving a radical addition reaction in the example 2b.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION EXAMPLE 1

[0029] Redox Reaction

[0030]FIG. 1 illustrates the functionalization of carbon nanocapsules involving a redox reaction.

[0031] A reaction flask (1 L) was charged with carbon nanocapsules (11.0 g) dissolved in sulfuric acid/nitric acid (weight ratio=1:1). The mixture was stirred by an untrasonic cleaner for 10 mins, and then heated to about 140° C. and refluxed for 2 hours. Afterwards, the mixture was centrifuged to separate the carbon nanocapsules from the strong acid, rinsing the carbon nanocapsules thoroughly followed by several centrifuges, until the pH value of carbon nanocapsules approached 7. The carbon nanocapsules obtained were black with —COOH groups bonded thereon. By titration using NaOH, the concentration of the —COOH groups was identified as 13 μmols/per gram carbon nanocapsules. The oxidization of carbon nanocapsules resulted in damage of the surface carbon layers, which could be observed under a transmission electron microscope. The organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsules were soluble in water by virtue of the —COOH groups.

EXAMPLE 2

[0032] Cycloaddition Reaction

Example 2a

[0033]FIG. 2a illustrates the functionalization of carbon nanocapsules involving a cycloaddition reaction in the example 2a.

[0034] A reaction flask (1 L) was charged with carbon nanocapsules (1.0 g) dissolved in a saturated DMF (dimethyl formamide) solution of aldehyde and N-substituted glycine derivative (molar ratio=1:1). The mixture was then stirred by an untrasonic cleaner for 10 mins, and heated to about 130° C. and refluxed for 120 hours. Afterwards, the mixture was centrifuged to separate the carbon nanocapsules from the solution. The reaction was as shown in FIG. 2a, with a product soluble in chloroform or water.

Example 2b

[0035]FIG. 2b illustrates the functionalization of carbon nanocapsules involving a radical addition reaction in the example 2b.

[0036] A reaction flask (1 L) was charged with carbon nanocapsules (1.0 g) dissolved in N,N-dimethylaniline (500 ml). The mixture was then stirred by an untrasonic cleaner for 10 mins, heated, and refluxed for 12 hours. Afterwards, the mixture was centrifuged to separate the carbon nanocapsules from the solution. The reaction was as shown in FIG. 2b, with a product soluble in water.

EXAMPLE 3

[0037] Radical Addition Reaction

Example 3a

[0038] A reaction flask (1 L) was charged with carbon nanocapsules (100 mg) and K₂S₂O₈ (120 mg) dissolved in water (500 ml). The solution mixture was purged with N₂ prior to stirring and heating to 70° C. for 5 hours. The product was black carbon nanocapsules with —OSO₃— groups bonded thereon, easily soluble in water. The radical addition reaction was observed by the electron spin resonance spectrum (ESR), in which the signal at g=2.0032, ΔH_(pp)=4.32 G represents the bonding of radicals.

Example 3b

[0039] A reaction flask (1 L) was charged with carbon nanocapsules (100 mg) and methylmethacrylate (25 ml) dissolved in toluene (250 ml). The solution mixture was illuminated at room temperature to initiate radical generation of methylmethacrylate, thereby reacting with the surface double bonds of the carbon nanocapsules. The radical addition reaction was observed by the electron spin resonance spectrum (ESR), in which signals at g=2.0033, ΔH_(pp)=8.56 G and g=2.0037, ΔH_(pp)=4.44 G represent the bonding of radicals.

[0040] The foregoing description has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. Obvious modifications or variations are possible in light of the above teaching. The embodiments were chosen and described to provide the best illustration of the principles of this invention and its practical application to thereby enable those skilled in the art to utilize the invention in various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. All such modifications and variations are within the scope of the present invention as determined by the appended claims when interpreted in accordance with the breadth to which they are fairly, legally, and equitably entitled. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule, comprising: a carbon nanocapsule; and at least one kind of organic functional groups bonded thereon, wherein the organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule is of the following formula: F(-E)_(n), in which F is the carbon nanocapsule, E is the organic functional group, and n is the number of the organic functional group.
 2. The organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule as claimed in claim 1, wherein the carbon nanocapsule is a polyhedral carbon cluster constituting multiple graphite layers having a balls-within-a ball structure, and the diameter of a carbon nanocapsule is 3-100 nm.
 3. The organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule as claimed in claim 1, wherein the carbon nanocapsule is hollow.
 4. The organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule as claimed in claim 1, wherein the carbon nanocapsule is a metal-filled carbon nanocapsule filled with metals, metal oxides, metal carbides, or alloys.
 5. The organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule as claimed in claim 1, wherein n is 1-100,000.
 6. The organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule as claimed in claim 1, wherein each E is independently E₁, E₂, E₃, E₄ or E₅, in which each E₁, independently, is Y₁,Y₂-amino, (Y₁,Y₂-alkyl)amino, Y₁,Y₂-ethylenediamino, (dihydroxymethyl)alkylamino, (X₁,X₃-aryl)amino, or X₁,X₃-aryloxy; each E₂, independently, is Y₁,Y₂-alkoxy, (Y₁,Y₂-amino)alkoxy, (Y₁,Y₂,Y₃-aryl)oxy, (dihydroxyalkyl)aryloxy, (Y₁,Y₂,Y₃-alkyl)amino, (Y₁,Y₂,Y₃-aryl)amino, or dihydroxyalkylamino; each E₃, independently, is Y₁,Y₂,Y₃-alkoxy, (trihydroxyalkyl)alkoxy, (trihydroxyalkyl)alkylamino, (dicarboxyalkyl)amino, (Y₁,Y₂,Y₃-alkyl)thio, (X₁,X₂-aryl)thio, (Y₁,Y₂-alkyl)thio, (dihydroxyalkyl)thio, Y₁,Y₂-dioxoalkyl; each E₄, independently, is ((glycosidyl)oxoheteroaryl)amino, ((glycosidyl)oxoaryl)amino, (X₁,X₂,X₃-heteroaryl)amino, (X₁-diarylketone)amino, (X,X₁-oxoaryl)amino, (X,X₁-dioxoaryl) amino, (Y₁-alkyl, Y₂-alkyldioxoheteroaryl)amino, (Y₁-alkyl, Y₂-alkyldioxoaryl)amino, (di (Y₁,Y₂ methyl)dioxoheteroaryl)amino, (di (Y₁,Y₂-methyl)dioxoaryl)amino, ((glycosidyl)heteroaryl)amino, ((glycosidyl)aryl)amino, ((carboxylacetylalkyl)oxoheteroaryl)amino, ((carboxylacetylalkyl)oxoaryl)amino, ((isopropylaminohydroxyalkoxy)aryl)amino, or (X₁,X₂,X₃-alkylaryl)amino; each E₅, independently, is (X₁,X₂,X₃-heteroaryl)oxy, (isopropylaminohydroxyalkyl)aryloxy, (X₁,X₂,X₃-oxoheteroaryl)oxy, (X₁,X₂,X₃-oxoaryl)oxy, (X₁,Y₁-oxoheteroaryl)oxy, (X₁-diarylketone)oxy, (X,X₁-oxoaryl)oxy, (X₁,X₂-dioxoaryl)oxy, (Y₁,Y₂,diaminodihydroxy)alkyl, (X₁,X₂-heteroaryl)thio, ((tricarboxylalkyl)ethylenediamino)alkoxy, (X₁,X₂-oxoaryl)thio, (X₁,X₂-dioxoaryl)thio, (glycosidylheteroaryl)thio, (glycosidylaryl)thio, Y₁-alkyl(thiocarbonyl)thio, Y₁,Y₂-alkyl(thiocarbonyl)thio, Y₁,Y₂,Y₃-alkyl(thiocarbonyl)thio, (Y₁,Y₂-aminothiocarbonyl)thio, (pyranosyl)thio, cysteinyl, tyrosinyl, (phenylalainyl)amino, (dicarboxyalkyl)thio, (aminoaryl)₁₋₂₀ amino, or (pyranosyl)amino; each X, independently, is halide; each of X₁ and X₂, independently, is —H, —Y₁, —O—Y₁, —S—Y₁, —NH—Y₁, —CO—O—Y₁, —O—CO—Y₁, —CO—NH—Y₁, —CO—NY₁Y₂, —NH—CO—Y₁, —SO₂—Y₁, —CHY₁Y₂, or —NY₁Y₂; each X₃, independently, is —Y₁, —O—Y₁, —S—Y₁, —NH—Y₁, —CO—O—Y₁, —O—CO—Y₁, —CO—NH—Y₁, —CO—NY₁Y₂, —NH—CO—Y₁, —SO₂—Y₁, —CHY₁Y₂ or —NY₁Y₂; each of Y₁, Y₂ and Y₃, independently, is—B—Z; each B, independently, is —R_(a)—O—[Si(CH₃)₂—O—]₁₋₁₀₀, C₁₋₂₀₀₀ alkyl, C₆₋₄₀ aryl, C₇₋₆₀ alkylaryl, C₇₋₆₀ arylalkyl, (C₁₋₃₀ alkyl ether)₁₋₁₀₀, (C₆₋₄₀ aryl ether)₁₋₁₀₀, (C₇₋₆₀ alkylaryl ether)₁₋₁₀₀, (C₇₋₆₀ arylalkyl ether)₁₋₁₀₀, (C₁₋₃₀ alkyl thioether)₁₋₁₀₀(C₆₋₄₀ aryl thioether)₁₋₁₀₀, (C₇₋₆₀ alkylaryl thioether)₁₋₁₀₀, (C₇₋₆₀ arylalkyl thioether)₁₋₁₀₀, (C₂₋₅₀ alkyl ester)₁₋₁₀₀, (C₇₋₆₀ aryl ester)₁₋₁₀₀, (C₈₋₇₀ alkylaryl ester)₁₋₁₀₀, (C₈₋₇₀ arylalkyl ester)₁₋₁₀₀, —R—CO—O—(C₁₋₃₀ alkyl ether)₁₋₁₀₀, —R—CO—O—(C₆₋₄₀ aryl ether)₁₋₁₀₀, —R—CO—O—(C₇₋₆₀ alkylaryl ether)₁₋₁₀₀, —R—CO—O—(C₇₋₆₀ arylalkyl ether)₁₋₁₀₀, (C₄₋₅₀ alkyl urethane)₁₋₁₀₀ (C₁₄₋₆₀ aryl urethane)₁₋₁₀₀, (C₁₀₋₈₀ alkylaryl urethane)₁₋₁₀₀ (C₁₀₋₈₀ arylalkyl urethane)₁₋₁₀₀, (C₅₋₅₀ alkyl urea)₁₋₁₀₀, (C₁₄₋₆₀ aryl urea)₁₋₁₀₀ (C₁₀₋₈₀ alkylaryl urea)₁₋₁₀₀, (C₁₀₋₈₀ arylalkyl urea)₁₋₁₀₀, (C₂₋₅₀ alkyl amide)₁₋₁₀₀, (C₇₋₆₀ aryl amide)₁₋₁₀₀, (C₈₋₇₀ alkylaryl amide)₁₋₁₀₀ (C₈₋₇₀ arylalkyl amide)₁₋₁₀₀, (C₃₋₃₀ alkyl anhydride)₁₋₁₀₀, (C₈₋₅₀ aryl anhydride)₁₋₁₀₀, (C₉₋₆₀ alkylaryl anhydride)₁₋₁₀₀ (C₉₋₆₀ arylalkyl anhydride)₁₋₁₀₀ (C₂₋₃₀ alkyl carbonate)₁₋₁₀₀, (C₇₋₅₀ aryl carbonate)₁₋₁₀₀, (C₈₋₆₀ alkylaryl carbonate)₁₋₁₀₀, (C₈₋₆₀ arylalkyl carbonate)₁₋₁₀₀, —R₁—O—CO—NH—(R₂ or Ar—R₂—Ar)—NH—CO—O—(C₁₋₃₀ alkyl ether, C₆₋₄₀ aryl ether, C₇₋₆₀ alkylaryl ether, or C₇₋₆₀ arylalkyl ether)₁₋₁₀₀, —R₁—O—CO—NH—(R₂ or Ar—R₂—Ar)—NH—CO—O(C₂₋₅₀ alkyl ester, C₇₋₆₀ aryl ester, C₈₋₇₀ alkylaryl ester, or C₈₋₇₀ arylalkyl ester)₁₋₁₀₀, —R₁—C—CO—NH—(R₂ or Ar—R₂—Ar)—NH—CO—O—(C₁₋₃₀ alkyl ether, C₆₋₄₀ aryl ether, C₇₋₆₀ alkylaryl ether, or C₇₋₆₀ arylalkyl ether)₁₋₁₀₀, —CO—NH—(R₂ or Ar—R₂—Ar)—NH—CO—O—, —R₁—O—CO—NH—(R₂ or Ar—R₂—Ar)—NH—CO—O—(C₂₋₅₀ alkyl ester, C₇₋₆₀ aryl ester, C₈₋₇₀ alkylaryl ester, or C₈₋₇₀ arylalkyl ester)₁₋₁₀₀, —R₃—O—CO—NH—(R₂ or Ar—R₂—Ar)—NH—CO—O—, —R₁—NH—CO—NH—(R₂ or Ar—R₂—Ar)—NH—CO—O—(C₁₋₃₀ alkyl ether, C₆₋₄₀ aryl ether, C₇₋₆₀ alkylaryl ether, or C₇₋₆₀ arylalkyl ether)₁₋₁₀₀, —R₁ —NH—CO—NH—(R₂ or Ar—R₂—Ar)—NH—CO—O—(C₂₋₅₀ alkyl ester, C₇₋₆₀ aryl ester, C₈₋₇₀ alkylaryl ester, or C₈₋₇₀ arylalkyl ester)₁₋₁₀₀, —R₁— —NH— —CO— —NH—(R₂ or Ar—R₂—Ar)—NH— —CO— —O—(C₁₋₃₀ alkyl ether, C₆₋₄₀ aryl ether, C₇₋₆₀ alkylaryl ether, or C₇₋₆₀ arylalkyl ether)₁₋₁₀₀, —CO—NH—(R₂ or Ar—R₂—Ar)—NH—CO—o—, —R₁—NH—CO—NH—(R₂ or Ar—R₂—Ar)—NH—CO—O—(C₂₋₅₀ alkyl ester, C₇₋₆₀ aryl ester, C₈₋₇₀ alkylaryl ester, or C₈₋₇₀ arylalkyl ester)₁₋₁₀₀, —R₃—O—CO—NH—(R₂ or Ar—R₂—Ar)—NH—CO—O—, —R₁—O—CO—NH—(R₂ or Ar—R₂—Ar)—NH—CO—NH—(C₂₋₅₀ alkyl amide, C₇₋₆₀ aryl amide, C₈₋₇₀ alkylaryl amide, or C₈₋₇₀ arylalkyl amide)₁₋₁₀₀, or —R₁—NH—CO—NH—(R₂ or Ar—R₂—Ar)NH—CO—NH—(C₂₋₅₀ alkyl amide, C₇₋₆₀ aryl amide, C₈₋₇₀ alkylaryl amide, or C₈₋₇₀ arylalkyl amide)₁₋₁₀₀; each Z, independently, is —C—D—, wherein each C, independently, is —R—, —R—Ar—, —Ar—R—, or—Ar—; and each D, independently, is —OH, —SH, —NH₂, —NHOH, —SO₃H, —OSO₃H, —COOH, —CONH₂, —CO—NH—NH₂, —CH(NH₂)—COOH, —P(OH)₃, —PO(OH)₂, —O—PO(OH)₂, —O—PO(OH)—O—PO(OH)₂/—O—PO(O)—O—CH₂OH₂NH₃ ⁺, -glycoside, —OCH₃, —O—CH₂—(CHOH)₄—CH₂₄—CH, —O—CH₂—(CHOH)₂—CHOH, —C₆H₃(OH)₂, —NH₃ ⁺, —N⁺HR_(b)R_(c), or N⁺HR_(b)R_(c)R_(d); wherein each of R, R₁, R₂, R₃, R_(a), R_(b), R_(c), and R_(d) independently, is C₁₋₃₀ alkyl, each Ar, independently, is aryl.
 7. The organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule as claimed in claim 1, wherein the carbon nanocapsule is functionalized by a redox reaction.
 8. The organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule as claimed in claim 1, wherein the carbon nanocapsule is functionalized by a cycloaddition reaction.
 9. The organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule as claimed in claim 1, wherein the carbon nanocapsule is functionalized by a radical addition reaction.
 10. An organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule, comprising: a carbon nanocapsule; and at least one kind of organic functional groups bonded thereon, wherein the organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule is of the formula: F(-E)_(n), in which F is the carbon nanocapsule, E is the organic functional group selected from —OH, —C═O, —CHO or —COOH, n is the number of the organic functional group, and the carbon nanocapsule F is functionalized by a redox reaction.
 11. The organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule as claimed in claim 10, wherein the carbon nanocapsule is a polyhedral carbon cluster constituting multiple graphite layers having a balls-within-a ball structure, and the diameter of a carbon nanocapsule is 3-100 nm.
 12. The organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule as claimed in claim 10, wherein the carbon nanocapsule is hollow.
 13. The organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule as claimed in claim 10, wherein the carbon nanocapsule is a metal-filled carbon nanocapsule filled with metals, metal oxides, metal carbides, or alloys.
 14. The organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule as claimed in claim 10, wherein n is 1-100,000.
 15. An organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule, comprising: a carbon nanocapsule; and at least one kind of organic functional groups bonded thereon, wherein the organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule is of the following formula: F(-E)_(n), in which F is the carbon nanocapsule, E is the organic functional group selected from —NHAr, —N⁺(CH₃)₂Ar, ═CCl₂ or amino group, n is the number of the organic functional group, and the carbon nanocapsule F is functionalized by a cycloaddition reaction.
 16. The organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule as claimed in claim 15, wherein the carbon nanocapsule is a polyhedral carbon cluster constituting multiple graphite layers having a balls-within-a ball structure, and the diameter of a carbon nanocapsule is 3-100 nm.
 17. The organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule as claimed in claim 15, wherein the carbon nanocapsule is hollow.
 18. The organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule as claimed in claim 15, wherein the carbon nanocapsule is a metal-filled carbon nanocapsule filled with metals, metal oxides, metal carbides, or alloys.
 19. The organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule as claimed in claim 15, wherein n is 1-100,000.
 20. An organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule, comprising: a carbon nanocapsule; and at least one kind of organic functional groups bonded thereon, wherein the organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule is of the following formula: F(-E)_(n), in which F is the carbon nanocapsule, E is the organic functional group selected from —OH, —OSO₃—, —C(CH₃)₂COOCH₃ or —C(CH₃)₂CN, n is the number of the organic functional group, and the carbon nanocapsule F is functionalized by a radical addition reaction.
 21. The organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule as claimed in claim 20, wherein the carbon nanocapsule is a polyhedral carbon cluster constituting multiple graphite layers having a balls-within-a ball structure, and the diameter of a carbon nanocapsule is 3-100 nm.
 22. The organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule as claimed in claim 20, wherein the carbon nanocapsule is hollow.
 23. The organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule as claimed in claim 20, wherein the carbon nanocapsule is a metal-filled carbon nanocapsule filled with metals, metal oxides, metal carbides, or alloys.
 24. The organically-functionalized carbon nanocapsule as claimed in claim 20, wherein n is 1-100,000. 